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British Journal of Haematology Feb 2011In transfusion medicine, three major issues, i.e. heterogeneity of human blood groups, dependence of blood supply on donation, and shortage of some phenotypes, oblige... (Review)
Review
In transfusion medicine, three major issues, i.e. heterogeneity of human blood groups, dependence of blood supply on donation, and shortage of some phenotypes, oblige clinicians to juggle with available biological material to avoid or limit post-transfusion reactions. This 'fact of life' has given impetus to a 30-year-old quest to achieve interchangeability of blood products between donors and recipients by eliminating blood group antigens.
Topics: Blood Group Antigens; Blood Group Incompatibility; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching; Blood Transfusion; Genetic Engineering; Histocompatibility; Humans; Polyethylene Glycols
PubMed: 21210778
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2141.2010.08561.x -
Prilozi (Makedonska Akademija Na... Jul 2022The frequency of ABO, Rh and Kell blood group antigens differs among populations of different ethnic ancestry. There are low-frequency antigens (<1%) and high-frequency...
The frequency of ABO, Rh and Kell blood group antigens differs among populations of different ethnic ancestry. There are low-frequency antigens (<1%) and high-frequency antigens (>90%). A rare blood group is defined as the absence of a high-frequency antigen in the general population, as well as absence of multiple frequent antigens within a single or multiple blood group systems. : To perform red blood cell typing and to calculate the antigen and phenotype frequencies, in order to identify rare blood group donors within the clinically most important АВО, Rh and Kell systems. : АВО, Rh (D, C, E, c, e) and Kell (K) antigen typing was performed using specific monoclonal sera and microplate technique, while Cellano (k) typing was performed with a monoclonal anti-k, antihuman globulin and column agglutination technique. Weak ABO subgroups were determined using the absorption elution method or molecular genotyping (PCR-SSP). : ABO antigen frequency is: A (40.89%), O (34.22%), B (16.97%), AB (7.92%) and weak ABO subgroups (0, 009 %). The established genotypes were AxO1 (0, 0026%) and AxB (0, 001%). Rh antigen frequency is: D (85.79%), C (71.7%), c (76.0%), E (26.0%) and е (97.95%). The most common Rh pheno-type is the DCcee (32.7%) while the rarest phenotype is the DCCEE phenotype (0. 003%). The prevalence of K and k antigen is 7.5% and 99.94%, respectively. The frequency of the rare phenotype K+k- is 0.06%. : Large scale phenotyping of blood group antigens enables the identification of blood donors with rare blood groups for patients with rare phenotypes or with antibodies to high-frequency antigens and to frequent antigens within one or more blood group systems.
Topics: Blood Donors; Blood Group Antigens; Humans; Kell Blood-Group System; Phenotype; Prevalence
PubMed: 35843921
DOI: 10.2478/prilozi-2022-0021 -
Transfusion May 2022Red blood cell (RBC) membrane-associated blood group systems are clinically significant. Alloimmunisation is a persistent risk associated with blood transfusion owing to...
BACKGROUND
Red blood cell (RBC) membrane-associated blood group systems are clinically significant. Alloimmunisation is a persistent risk associated with blood transfusion owing to the antigen polymorphisms among these RBC-associated blood groups. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) offers an opportunity to characterize the blood group variant profile of a given individual. Australia comprises a large multiethnic population where most blood donors are Caucasian and blood group variants remain poorly studied among Indigenous Australians. In this study, we focused on the Tiwi Islanders, who have lived in relative isolation for thousands of years.
METHODS AND MATERIALS
We predicted the blood group phenotype profiles in the Tiwi (457) and 1000 Genomes Phase 3 (1KGP3-2504) cohort individuals using RBCeq (https://www.rbceq.org/). The predicted phenotype prevalence was compared with the previous literature report.
RESULTS
We report, for the first time, comprehensive blood group profiles corresponding to the 35 known blood group systems among the Indigenous Tiwi islander population and identify possible novel antigen variants therein. Our results demonstrate that the genetic makeup of the Tiwi participants is distinct from that of other populations, with a low prevalence of LU (Au[a-b+]) and ABO (A2) and D+C+c+E+e- phenotype, an absence of Diego blood group variants, and a unique RHD (DIII type4) variant.
CONCLUSION
Our results may contribute to the development of a database of predicted phenotype donors among the Tiwi population and aid in improving transfusion safety for the ~2800 Tiwi people and the ~800,000 other Indigenous Australians throughout the nation.
Topics: Alleles; Australia; Blood Donors; Blood Group Antigens; Genomics; Humans
PubMed: 35403234
DOI: 10.1111/trf.16873 -
Blood Transfusion = Trasfusione Del... May 2024
Topics: Humans; Alleles; Blood Group Antigens
PubMed: 38709672
DOI: 10.2450/BloodTransfus.763 -
Investigation of blood group genotype prevalence in Korean population using large genomic databases.Scientific Reports Sep 2023Blood group antigens, which are prominently expressed in red blood cells, are important in transfusion medicine. The advent of high-throughput genome sequencing...
Blood group antigens, which are prominently expressed in red blood cells, are important in transfusion medicine. The advent of high-throughput genome sequencing technology has facilitated the prediction of blood group antigen phenotypes based on genomic data. In this study, we analyzed data from a large Korean population to provide an updated prevalence of blood group antigen phenotypes, including rare ones. A robust dataset comprising 72,291 single nucleotide polymorphism arrays, 5318 whole-exome sequences, and 4793 whole-genome sequences was extracted from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study, Genome Aggregation Database, and Korean Variant Archive and then analyzed. The phenotype prevalence of clinically significant blood group antigens, including MNSs, RHCE, Kidd, Duffy, and Diego, was predicted through genotype analysis and corroborated the existing literature. We identified individuals with rare phenotypes, including 369 (0.51%) with Fy(a-b+), 188 (0.26%) with Di(a+b-), and 16 (0.02%) with Jr(a-). Furthermore, we calculated the frequencies of individuals with extremely rare phenotypes, such as p (0.000004%), Kell-null (0.000310%), and Jk(a-b-) (0.000438%), based on allele frequency predictions. These findings offer valuable insights into the distribution of blood group antigens in the Korean population and have significant implications for enhancing the safety and efficiency of blood transfusion.
Topics: Humans; Prevalence; Genotype; Blood Group Antigens; Genomics; Republic of Korea
PubMed: 37714914
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-42473-8 -
Immunobiology May 2021While the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein is defined as the primary severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor, the viral... (Review)
Review
Why blood group A individuals are at risk whereas blood group O individuals are protected from SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) infection: A hypothesis regarding how the virus invades the human body via ABO(H) blood group-determining carbohydrates.
While the angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) protein is defined as the primary severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) receptor, the viral serine molecule might be mobilized by the host's transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2) enzyme from the viral spike (S) protein and hijack the host's N-acetyl-D-galactosamine (GalNAc) metabolism. The resulting hybrid, serologically A-like/Tn (T nouvelle) structure potentially acts as a host-pathogen functional molecular bridge. In humans, this intermediate structure will hypothetically be replaced by ABO(H) blood group-specific, mucin-type structures, in the case of infection hybrid epitopes, implicating the phenotypically glycosidic accommodation of plasma proteins. The virus may, by mimicking the synthetic pathways of the ABO(H) blood groups, bind to the cell surfaces of the blood group O(H) by formation of a hybrid H-type antigen as the potential precursor of hybrid non-O blood groups, which does not affect the highly anti-glycan aggressive anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinin activities, exerted by the germline-encoded nonimmune immunoglobulin M (IgM). In the non-O blood groups, which have developed from the H-type antigen, these IgM activities are downregulated by phenotypic glycosylation, while adaptive immunoglobulins might arise in response to the hybrid A and B blood group structures, bonds between autologous carbohydrates and foreign peptides, suggesting the exertion of autoreactivity. The non-O blood groups thus become a preferred target for the virus, whereas blood group O(H) individuals, lacking the A/B phenotype-determining enzymes and binding the virus alone by hybrid H-type antigen formation, have the least molecular contact with the virus and maintain the critical anti-A and anti-B isoagglutinin activities, exerted by the ancestral IgM, which is considered the humoral spearhead of innate immunity.
Topics: Animals; Blood Group Antigens; COVID-19; Carbohydrate Metabolism; Disease Resistance; Humans; Immunoglobulin M; Phenotype; Risk; SARS-CoV-2
PubMed: 33706067
DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152027 -
The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 1990Recognition and application of blood group differences on human red cells permitted the development of safe procedures for blood transfusion. Blood group antigens are... (Review)
Review
Recognition and application of blood group differences on human red cells permitted the development of safe procedures for blood transfusion. Blood group antigens are markers on surface-exposed red cell proteins or the sugar moiety of glycoproteins or glycolipids. Apart from their presumed biological function, some antigens have been identified as receptors for host/parasite interactions. Thus, carbohydrates that determine P antigenicity are the binding receptor for certain strains of pyelonephritic coliforms. Other pathogenic coliforms bind to the membrane structure that carries the Dra antigen. A structure associated with Duffy antigens is the attachment receptor for the parasite of Plasmodium vivax malaria, while Plasmodium falciparum parasites bind to structures associated with membrane glycophorins. Structure/function relationships have been established by the finding that lack of Rh protein in red cells of Rhnull phenotype is associated with stomatocytic cell morphology and a hemolytic state. Absence of glycophorin C, and the Gerbich blood group antigens that it carries, is associated with elliptocytic red cells. Absence of Kx antigen protein in the Kell system is associated with the McLeod blood group phenotype, with acanthocytic cell morphology and reduced in vivo survival. McLeod individuals also have late-onset muscular dystrophy and neurological disorders.
Topics: Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins; Blood Group Antigens; Carrier Proteins; Glycophorins; HLA-DR Antigens; Host-Parasite Interactions; Humans; Kell Blood-Group System; Receptors, Cell Surface
PubMed: 2293504
DOI: No ID Found -
Laboratory Medicine Aug 2016Traditional serological methods, which have been used for decades to evaluate the human erythrocyte antigen (HEA) composition of recipient and donor specimens, have some... (Review)
Review
Traditional serological methods, which have been used for decades to evaluate the human erythrocyte antigen (HEA) composition of recipient and donor specimens, have some serious limitations. Specific reagent antisera are not available for all clinically relevant antigens (eg, V antigen). Reagent antisera are expensive, and serological testing is labor intensive. The results of serological testing are subjective and semiquantitative (eg, microscopic, weak, 1+, 2+, 3+, 4+), and may vary from one technologist to another. Further, in many clinical situations, serological testing may be difficult or impossible.Recent developments in nucleic acid-based testing (molecular diagnostics) have made it possible to genotype HEA in the clinical laboratory. Most allelic variations occur due to single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which can be detected and from which the phenotypes can be predicted. HEA genotyping offers several technical and clinical advantages compared with serological testing. The Immucor PreciseType HEA Test is the first and currently the only platform for clinical testing approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA), to our knowledge.
Topics: Blood Group Antigens; Erythrocytes; Genotyping Techniques; Humans
PubMed: 27081211
DOI: 10.1093/labmed/lmw014 -
The Journal of Molecular Diagnostics :... Jan 2016Thirty-five blood group systems, containing >300 antigens, are listed by the International Society of Blood Transfusion. Most of these antigens result from a single...
Thirty-five blood group systems, containing >300 antigens, are listed by the International Society of Blood Transfusion. Most of these antigens result from a single nucleotide polymorphism. Blood group typing is conventionally performed by serology. However, this technique has some limitations and cannot respond to the growing demand of blood products typed for a large number of antigens. The knowledge of the molecular basis of these red blood cell systems allowed the implementation of molecular biology methods in immunohematology laboratories. Here, we describe a blood group genotyping assay based on the use of TKL immobilization support and microarray-based HIFI technology that takes approximately 4 hours and 30 minutes from whole-blood samples to results analysis. Targets amplified by multiplex PCR were hybridized on the chip, and a revelation step allowed the simultaneous identification of up to 24 blood group antigens, leading to the determination of extended genotypes. Two panels of multiplex PCR were developed: Panel 1 (KEL1/2, KEL3/4; JK1/2; FY1/2; MNS1/2, MNS3/4, FY*Fy et FY*X) and Panel 2 (YT1/2; CO1/2; DO1/2, HY+, Jo(a+); LU1/2; DI1/2). We present the results of the evaluation of our platform on a panel of 583 and 190 blood donor samples for Panel 1 and 2, respectively. Good correlations (99% to 100%) with reference were obtained.
Topics: Blood Group Antigens; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching; Erythrocytes; Genotyping Techniques; Humans; Multiplex Polymerase Chain Reaction; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
PubMed: 26621100
DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2015.09.002 -
Immunohematology Jan 2019The presence of multiple alloantibodies or an antibody to a highprevalance antigen in a patient sample can pose challenges in antibody identification. The pattern of... (Review)
Review
The presence of multiple alloantibodies or an antibody to a highprevalance antigen in a patient sample can pose challenges in antibody identification. The pattern of reactivity seen on an antibody panel may show various strengths of reactivity by different methods of testing or same strength of reactivity at one or more phases of testing. To ensure proper identification, multiple investigative tools may be used. We review one of these methods-inhibition by soluble substances-which has become an expansion of our toolbox within the past 10 years. Alloantibodies can be inhibited using specific soluble substances. These soluble substances occur naturally in various fluids or can be manufactured. When a patient sample contains multiple antibodies, clinically significant or not, inhibition of one may help determine specificities of others. Specific inhibition of a particular antibody will also help to confirm its presence.
Topics: Antibodies; Blood Group Antigens; Humans; Isoantibodies
PubMed: 30908075
DOI: No ID Found